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Irregular verbs (aka فعل with ا, و and ي)

So far, the فعل we've seen are called sahih, because they cn be conjugated properly. There are a number of فعل that don't properly follow the regular rules that we've just done. These فعل all have one of ا, و or ي in them somewhere (these letters are called حُرُوْف اَلْعْلَّة, or "sick letters"). There's 3 different types:

  • اَجْوَف - where the letter is in the ع position of فعل
  • نَاقِص - where the letter is in the ل position of فعل
  • مِثَال - where the letter is in the ف position of فعل

There's something like ~43 rules that cover these. To cover all these now would take time and you'd get tired pretty quickly. So instead, we'll go through a few examples, and you can kind of see what can happen.

First, we'll cover اجوف.

اجوف

There are 2 types of اجوف:

  • الاجوف الواوي (Ajwaf waawi) - when the verb has a و in the ع kalima of the ماضي
  • الاجوف اليائ (Ajwaf yaayi) - when the verb has a ي in the ع kalima of the ماضي

Some example conjugations of this are listed in Ajwaf. Go over these and memorise them. Whilst doing so, look and see what kinds of patterns/similarities there are between the conjugations. e.g. here's one rule (don't worry about memorising this):

If the ع kalima is a و with a fatha and the letter before has a fatha, then the و changes to an ا.

Note

When looking for فعل like قال in the dictionary, then look for قال, قول and قيل (ie change the حروف العلة to the 3 possibilities). You should be able to find one of them in the dictionary. Using the dictionary to find words takes practice, you'll need to keep trying to look up words to get good at doing so.

If you want a bit more detail:

  • Ajwaf waawi only comes on baabs نصر and ضرب and سمع as قَالَ and بَاعَ and خَافَ respectively.
  • Ajwaf yaayi only comes on baabs نصر and ضرب (as باع) and سمع and فتح

Looking at how the rules work

To try and give a bit more understanding, let's go through how come قال is قال.

If you look in a dictionary for the different possible root letters, you'll find the dictionary entry as ق و ل . So those are the root letters. And to get from قَوَلَ to قَال , there's a rule (ie the one previously mentioned) that says the و changes to an ا.

Likewise, for the مضارع of قال, we start with يَقْوُلُ , and there's a rule that says the harakah get changed so this becomes يَقُوْلُ .

Some other examples:

  • مَيَلَ -> مَالَ
  • يَمْيِلُ -> يَمِيْلُ

fel naaqis

TODO-fel part two. fel naaqis. And doer/done to of the action for naaqis.