Arabic Notes
Warning
These notes are very rough currently. They haven't been checked much, and they are still very much a work in progress.
Introduction¶
﷽
These are notes I’ve made whilst on an Arabic course. The aim of the course is to be able to get an understanding of the Quran and be able to converse at a basic level. It’s more of an intro course than a course that will get you fully versed in Arabic (there’s a lot in the language to learn).
There is one main assumption: you know how to read and recite Arabic already (with punctuation).
Things required for the course are (I suggest buying physical copies):
- Hans Wehr English-Arabic dictionary - you’ll use this quite a bit
- Al-Qira’atur-rashidah
- Al-Arabiyyatu-bayna-yadayk - this isn't really used as such in these notes, but was worked on alongside this. ie this book provides the speaking side of things, these notes provide the grammar side of things. The 2 complement each other.
An optional resource is:
- Treasures of Arabic Morphology - this is a useful resource for learning basic Arabic
(note that these links may not be the correct/up-to-date versions)
The idea is that we’ll first cover some initial Arabic, then start reading Al-Qira’atur-rashidah, learning more Arabic as it comes up in the book.
Note that it's probably best not to read ahead too much. Don't rush it, take things steady, making sure to keep yourself going. Arabic has a lot of rules. There are ways of learning Arabic that involve memorising a lot of rules up-front; this course is not like that. Above all, don't get discouraged, keep going, keep making progress. Once we start reading Al-Qira'atur-rashidah a bit, you should start feeling like you're making decent progress.
Also, note that I’m not including punctuation everywhere. I’ll try and include it the first time I use a word though, but note that, except in some places e.g. the Quran, punctuation isn’t used in Arabic normally.
During the course we were given some inspirational things/miracles of the Quran. I forgot most of these, but will try and include the ones I remembered. Here’s the first one.
Ayatul Kursi¶
You can find Ayatul Kursi here. Here’s a translation of it, split onto separate lines in a particular way:
Quote
Allah! There is no god ˹worthy of worship˺ except Him, the Ever-Living, All-Sustaining.
Neither drowsiness nor sleep overtakes Him.
To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth.
Who could possibly intercede with Him without His permission?
He ˹fully˺ knows what is ahead of them and what is behind them,
but no one can grasp any of His knowledge—except what He wills ˹to reveal˺.
His Seat encompasses the heavens and the earth,
and the preservation of both does not tire Him.
For He is the Most High, the Greatest.
Look at the first and last line, note the similarities in terms of what is being mentioned. Then the second and penultimate line, note their similarities. And so on, till you get to the middle line, which ties it all together. This structure is known as a ring couplet.
اسم, فعل, حرف¶
There are 3 types of words in Arabic:
- اِسْمٌ - noun/name
- فِعْلٌ - verb
- حَرْفٌ - connector/particle
Let’s look at an اسم first.
اسم - part one¶
Signs of an اسم¶
There are various ways of identifying an اسم. Let’s cover 2 main ways:
- It ends with a Tanween. e.g. رَجُلٌ, "a man"; كِتَابٌ, "a book".
- Note that the meaning is always "a something" when an اسم ends with a Tanween.
- Also note that لً لٍ لٌ are all called a Tanween (i.e. ignore the ل, that's just a random letter to show the Tanween).
- Also note that there’s a few proper nouns (ie a name) that may just have a Tanween as part of the name (sorry, there’s going to be a few confusing/complicated rules we’ll encounter, and rules with exceptions).
- It starts with ال. e.g. اَلْكِتَابُ, "the book"; اَلْرِجَاَلُ, "the man".
A noun like "the man" is called a definite noun (مَعْرِفَة) and a noun like "a man" is called an indefinite noun (نَكِرَة).
Tip
الرجال is pronounced "ar-rijaal", not "al-rijaal". Basically, all the letters in the Arabic alphabet are divided into 2 types; sun and moon letters. Sun letters, when preceded by a ل, mean the ل doesn’t get pronounced (note I may not be saying this rule 100% correctly). This doesn’t apply to moon letters. This is better explained on Wikipedia, which also shows which letters are sun and moon letters.
These 2 ways of identifying an اسم (we’ll see more later) are mutually exclusive. i.e. you’ll only ever see one of them on an اسم, not both.
Warning
There are some words that break this rule. e.g. some plural words don't have a tanween or start with ال .
Finding the root letters¶
When looking up an اسم in the dictionary, you’ll need to first identify it’s root letters. This isn’t an exact thing to do, but the procedure to follow is to remove letters in سالتمونيه (aside: this literally means "you asked me regarding it/her") from the اسم.
e.g. the root letters of رَجُلَيْنِ are رجل, which means "a man".
A small exercise
Here's some words for you to try and find the root letters of:
- فَاعِلٌ
- مُدَرِّسٌ
- مَسْجِدٌ
- اَلْكِتَابُ
- نَصَرَتَا
- يَضْرِبُ
Also, for these words, identify which are are اسم's and which aren't.
Some اسم's to learn¶
Here’s some اسم’s to learn:
Arabic | English |
---|---|
اِنْسَانٌ | man |
بَيْتٌ | house |
تَمْرٌ | dates |
ثَمَرٌ | fruit |
جَاهِلٌ | ignorant |
عَالِمٌ | learned |
حَسَنٌ | good, beautiful |
خُبْزٌ | bread |
دَرْسٌ | lesson |
ذَنْبٌ | sin |
رَسُوْلٌ | messenger |
زَكَاةٌ | zakah |
سَهْلٌ | easy |
شَيْيٌ | thing |
صَلَاةٌ | prayer |
ضَوْءٌ | light |
طَيِّبٌ | good, clean |
ظَالِمٌ | oppressor |
عَادِلٌ | just |
غَفُوْرٌ | one who forgives |
فَاسِقٌ | transgressor |
قَبِيْحٌ | ugly |
كَرِيْمٌ | noble, generous |
لَبَنٌ | milk |
مَاءٌ | water |
نَهَارٌ | day |
وَلَدٌ | boy |
هِرٌ | cat |
يَوْمٌ | day |
وَ | and |
اَوْ | or |
Some more on اسم’s¶
Nouns can be specific or general, as we’ve seen. They’re also not always physical e.g. they could be an idea. And there’s some nouns that indicate a time/place, we’ll see these later.
Nouns also don’t have a tense (unlike verbs which we’ll see soon).
Here’s a list of the different types of definite nouns (note most of these you won’t know yet):
And here’s a list of all the signs of an اسم (again, most of these you won’t know yet):
Note that for number 5, to make an اسم a dual, just add a ان at the end (note this is a simplification, it's more complex than this). For number 6, plurals have to be looked up in a dictionary (we'll cover duals and plurals in more detail later).
فِعْلٌ - part one¶
فِعْلٌ, or verbs, have a number of different forms, or conjugations. You'll get some root letters, then a whole bunch of words based on those root letters that all mean similar-ish things.
For instance, take نَصَرَ, or "he helped". Some different forms are:
- يَنْصُرُ - "he helps/will help"
- اَنْصُرُ - "I help/will help"
- نَاصِرُ - "the one who helps", or "the helper" (this one is actually an اسم, but it's still derived from نصر)
These are only a few examples, there's many more.
For now, we'll cover ثُلَاثِيْ مُجَرَّد, regular فعل with 3 root letters (most فعل have 3 root letters, some have 4).
An example of such a فعل is نصر. We give names to each of the letters by matching them up to فَعَلَ as follows:
- ن is the ف kalima
- ص is the ع kalima
- ر is the ل kalima
So e.g. in ضَرَبَ, the ل kalima is ب.
The حَرَكَة (i.e. the punctuation and how you say the words) fall into 6 patterns, or 6 بَاب (i.e. these فعل fall into 6 groups). And for those 6 باب, each of them have:
- المَاضِيْ perfect (i.e. past) tense
- المُضَارِع imperfect (i.e. present/future) tense
- الاَمْر a command (we'll do this later)
(I know this sounds confusing, the examples should make it clearer). The 6 باب are:
- نَصَرَ / يَنْصُرُ
- ضَرَبَ / يَضْرِبُ
- فَتَحَ / يَفْتَحُ
- سَمِعَ / يَسْمَعُ
- كَرُمَ / يَكْرُمُ
- حَسِبَ / يَحِسِبُ
Note that some of these are used more than others.
Let's take a look at نَصَرَ first. نصر is the Arabic verb for "he helped". Here is it's conjugation for the past tense:
Arabic | English |
---|---|
نَصَرَ | He helped |
نَصَرَا | They (2 male) helped |
نَصَرُو | They (3+ male) helped |
نَصَرَتْ | She helped |
نَصَرَتَا | They (2 female) helped |
نَصَرْنَ | They (3+ female) helped |
نَصَرْتَ | You (male) helped |
نَصَرْتُمَا | You (2 male) helped |
نَصَرْتُمْ | You (3+ male) helped |
نَصَرْتِ | You (female) helped |
نَصَرْتُمَا | You (2 female) helped |
نَصَرْتُنَّ | You (3+ female) helped |
نَصَرْتُ | I helped |
نَصَرْنَا | We helped |
And here is it's conjugation for the present/future tense:
Arabic | English |
---|---|
يَنْصُرُ | He is helping/will help |
يَنْصُرَانِ | They (2 male) are helping/will help |
يَنْصُرُوْنَ | They (3+ male) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرُ | She is helping/will help |
تَنْصُرَانِ | They (2 female) are helping/will help |
يَنْصُرْنَ | They (3+ female) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرُ | You (male) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرَانِ | You (2 male) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرُوْنَ | You (3+ male) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرِيْنَ | You (female) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرَانِ | You (2 female) are helping/will help |
تَنْصُرْنَ | You (3+ female) are helping/will help |
اَنْصُرُ | I am helping/will help |
نَنْصُرُ | We are helping/will help |
Just go through these 2 tables, go through the Arabic columns, and memorise the words in that order. Practice this repeatedly over a few days, until you can say all the Arabic words in order very quickly, without mistakes. As you do this, you'll notice patterns and some words that have multiple meanings, that's just how فعل are in Arabic.
Learning the remaining conjugations
You've seen how to do the conjugation for one of the 6 باب . Try and do the conjugations for the other 5 باب . It's exactly the same, the only difference is the حركة . Just follow the same patterns.
If you want to check your conjugations, or want to skip the exercise, you can find example conjugations for all 6 باب in the appendix, in thulaathee mujarrad.
If you want some more فعل to practice conjugating, here's some to try:
- رَجَعَ/يَرْجِعُ
- بَكَرَ/يَبْكُرُ
- حَدِبَ/يَحْدَبُ
TODO-identifying fels vs isms vs others
TODO-khalaqa vs ja’a’la at beginning of a Sura near beginning-ish
TODO-Egypt city name bani israel
فعل with ا, و and ي¶
So far, the فعل we've seen are called sahih, because they cn be conjugated properly. There are a number of فعل that don't properly follow the regular rules that we've just done. These فعل all have one of ا, و or ي in them somewhere (these letters are called حُرُوْف اَلْعْلَّة, or "sick letters"). There's 3 different types:
- اَجْوَف - where the letter is in the ع position of فعل
- نَاقِص - where the letter is in the ل position of فعل
- مِثَال - where the letter is in the ف position of فعل
There's something like ~43 rules that cover these. To cover all these now would take time and you'd get tired pretty quickly. So instead, we'll go through a few examples, and you can kind of see what can happen.
First, we'll just cover اجوف.
اجوف¶
There are 2 types of اجوف:
- الاجوف الواوي (Ajwaf waawi) - when the verb has a و in the ع kalima of the ماضي
- الاجوف اليائ (Ajwaf yaayi) - when the verb has a ي in the ع kalima of the ماضي
Some example conjugations of this are listed in Ajwaf. Go over these and memorise them. Whilst doing so, look and see what kinds of patterns/similarities there are between the conjugations. e.g. here's one rule (don't worry about memorising this):
If the ع kalima is a و with a fatha and the letter before has a fatha, then the و changes to an ا.
Note
When looking for فعل like قال in the dictionary, then look for قال, قول and قيل (ie change the حروف العلة to the 3 possibilities). You should be able to find one of them in the dictionary. Using the dictionary to find words takes practice, you'll need to keep trying to look up words to get good at doing so.
If you want a bit more detail:
- Ajwaf waawi only comes on baabs نصر and ضرب and سمع as قَالَ and بَاعَ and خَافَ respectively.
- Ajwaf yaayi only comes on baabs نصر and ضرب (as باع) and سمع and فتح
Looking at how the rules work¶
To try and give a bit more understanding, let's go through how come قال is قال.
If you look in a dictionary for the different possible root letters, you'll find the dictionary entry as ق و ل . So those are the root letters. And to get from قَوَلَ to قَال , there's a rule (ie the one previously mentioned) that says the و changes to an ا.
Likewise, for the مضارع of قال, we start with يَقْوُلُ , and there's a rule that says the harakah get changed so this becomes يَقُوْلُ .
Some other examples:
- مَيَلَ -> مَالَ
- يَمْيِلُ -> يَمِيْلُ
Negation¶
- To make a past tense verb be negative, prefix it with مَا
- To make a present/future tense verb be negative, prefix it with لَا
- And if there's both a past & present tense in a sentence, then لا is used for both.
Negation example
- ما ضرب زيد means "he didn't hit Zayd"
- لا يضرب زيد means "he isn't hitting/won't hit Zayd"
Note
The rules for negation have been simplified here, there's more we'll cover later.
TODO-https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/arabic-verb-forms-negation/
Passive tense¶
So far, we've been seeing the active tense, مَعْرُوْف , e.g. "he is doing". There's also مُجْهُوْل , the passive tense e.g. "it is being done". There's also pronouns, ضَمِيْر , which we'll see in the next section Pronouns.
Recapping this as bulletpoints:
- مَعْرُوْف - active tense e.g. "he is doing".
- مُجْهُوْل - passive tense e.g. "it is being done"
- ضَمِيْر - pronouns e.g. "he"
To make a verb be in the passive tense, just change it like e.g. from فَعَلَ <- فُعِلَ , or from سَمِعَ <- سُمِعَ . i.e. it always goes to بُبِبَ for the harakah, for all 6 باب.
For the present/future tense, the rule is يَضْرِبُ <- يُضْرَبُ and again, always applies (note of course both these rules are for thulaathee mujarrad).
To recap, فَعَلَ would change to:
- فُعِلَ - "it was done"
- يُفْعَلُ - "it is/will be done"
For example, you might say ضُرِبَ اَلْرَجُلُ , "the man was hit".
Pronouns¶
TODO-a bit about pronouns, some of them not changing mostly 28/3/21 TODO-word pronouns TODO-pronouns at the end of اسم's. eg هو, leading into:
The doer and the done to¶
TODO-فَاعِلٌ - the one who does - in nouns part two section. And مفعول - the one to whom it is done TODO-fa’il and maf’ool for ajwaf waawi & yaayi
Arabic | English |
---|---|
فَاعِلٌ | 1 male |
فَاعِلَانِ | 2 males |
فَاعِلُوْنَ | 3+ males |
فَاعِلَةٌ | 1 female |
فَاعِلَتَانِ | 2 females |
فَاعِلَاتٌ | 3+ females |
Arabic | English |
---|---|
مَفْعُوْلٌ | 1 male |
مَفْعُوْلَانِ | 2 males |
مَفْعُوْلُوْنَ | 3+ males |
مَفْعُوْلَةٌ | 1 female |
مَفْعُوْلَةَانِ | 2 females |
مَفْعُوْلَاتٌ | 3+ females |
TODO-Also mention ُ and َ generally indicating doer and done to
fel naaqis¶
TODO-fel part two. fel naaqis. And doer/done to of the action for naaqis.
باب استفعال¶
TODO-to seek the root letters eg لستغفر. And doer/done to of the action. And metion that it’s not always to seek the root letters, look for X in dictionary.
A small point on اسم's¶
TODO-some isms accept change, other's don't.
TODO-maybe mention time/place fatha rule here
مضاف / مضاف اليه (Moodhaaf-Moodhaaf-ilay)¶
مُضَافٌ / مُضَاف اِلَيْه is a construct in Arabic for saying things like "the book of Zayd" (equivalently, "Zayd's book") or "the sin of the Muslim". It's 2 اسم's joined together in a particular way. Here's some examples of it (memorise these to remember quickly how the rules work):
- كِتَابُ زَيْدٍ - "the book of Zayd, aka Zayd's book"
- ذَنْبُ المُسْلِمِ - "the sin of the Muslim"
- ذَنْبُ مُسْلِمٍ - "the sin of a Muslim"
The first اسم is the possession (called the مُضَاف) and the second اسم is the possessor (called the مُضَاف اِلَيْه).
To join the 2 اسم's, the first اسم, e.g. كِتَابٌ becomes كِتَابُ. And the second اسم, e.g. ذَيْدٌ becomes ذَيْدٍ (or just one kasra if the second اسم started with ال).
A few points:
- you always get the مضاف first, followed by the مضاف اليه
- the مضاف i.e. possession never gets a tanween
- the مضاف اليه i.e. possessor always has a kasrah
- actually, the rule is the possessor is always مَجْرُوْر i.e. in the state of جَرّ; so if the possessor is plural, it won't end in a kasrah (this will make sense once you've gone through the section Rafa, Nasab & Jarr)
- normally the مضاف اليه starts with ال (but not always)
- the مضاف never starts with ال (but it's still considered a definite noun)
- the translation is generally "the x of the/a y"
- it's not always strictly possession, it can be some other "of" sort-of relation
- the مضاف doesn't always have to end with a dhamma. e.g. you can have this sentence كَتَبَ كِتَابَ ذَيْدٍ - "He wrote Zayd's book" - where the مضاف has ended with a fatha as it's the maf'ool.
- مضاف / مضاف اليه doesn't form a complete sentence on it's own
TODO-2 of's
موصوف/صفة (Mawsoof-siffah)¶
مَوْصُوْفٌ/صِفَّةٌ is a construct in Arabic to say things like "the tall man" or "a tall man" (i.e. a noun with an adjective). Here's some examples of it (again, memorise these to remember quickly how the rules work):
- رَجُلٌ طَوِيْلٌ - "a tall man"
- اَلْرَجُلُ اَلْطَوِيْلُ - "the tall man"
A few points:
- the adjective comes after the noun
- both parts need to match in
- marifa ("the")/nakirah ("a")
- i.e. the second word should start with ال only if the first word starts with ال
- gender
- i.e. both words should be feminine, or both words should be masculine
- number
- i.e. singular/dual/plural
- I'raab
- i.e. whether the last letter of the words is a fatha, dhamma, kasra etc. Again, this will make sense once you've gone through the section Rafa, Nasab & Jarr.
- marifa ("the")/nakirah ("a")
- موصوف/صفة doesn't form a complete sentence on it's own
- If the موصوف is a plural and is ghayr-aqil (i.e. it doesn't possess a mind; so it's neither Jinn, Insaan or Mala'aikah), then the صفة will be in single feminine form
- (I know, this rule seems a bit specific, but just memorise it, so you know why plurals will often behave differently)
Rafa, Nasab & Jarr¶
So far, we've been saying that nouns will have a fatha, dhamma or kasra on the last letter, depending on e.g. if it's a maf'ool or a مضاف اليه etc. The actual names for these are رفع, نصب and جرّ - these are the 3 different cases of nouns.
To explain this in more detail, let's pick as an example noun the word مُسْلِمٌ. This noun works as per this table:
number | رفع | نصب | جرّ |
---|---|---|---|
singular | مُسْلِمٌ | مُسْلِمً | مُسْلِمٍ |
dual | مُسْلِمَانِ | مُسْلِمَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَيْنِ |
plural | مُسْلِمُوْنَ | مُسْلِمِيْنَ | مُسْلِمِيْنَ |
Other nouns work in the same way e.g. مُعَلِّمٌ:
number | رفع | نصب | جرّ |
---|---|---|---|
singular | مُعَلِّمٌ | مُعَلِّمً | مُعَلِّمٍ |
dual | مُعَلِّمَانِ | مُعَلِّمَيْنِ | مُعَلِّمَيْنِ |
plural | مُعَلِّمُوْنَ | مُعَلِّمِيْنَ | مُعَلِّمِيْنَ |
Feminine nouns work similarly, but slightly differently (just the plurals are different) e.g. مُسْلِمَةٌ:
number | رفع | نصب | جرّ |
---|---|---|---|
singular | مُسْلِمَةٌ | مُسْلِمَةً | مُسْلِمَةٍ |
dual | مُسْلِمَتَانِ | مُسْلِمَتَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَتَيْنِ |
plural | مُسْلِمَاتٌ | مُسْلِمَاتٍ | مُسْلِمَاتٍ |
Also, the above tables apply to regular plurals (and also show you how to make nouns be dual and plural). However, there's a bunch of plurals which are "broken plurals" - they don't follow the same rules. For example, let's look at how the word مَسْجِدٌ works:
number | رفع | نصب | جرّ |
---|---|---|---|
singular | مَسْجِدٌ | مَسْجِدً | مَسْجِدٍ |
dual | مَسْجِدَانِ | مَسْجِدَيْنِ | مَسْجِدَيْنِ |
plural | مَسَاجِدٌ | مَسَاجِدً | مَسَاجِدٍ |
TODO-check whether ٍ or ِ for plural
There isn't an exact rule for broken plurals, you basically just have to memorise them. Arabic Tutor Volume 1 Lesson 9 shows many examples of words that have broken plurals, and how some of them form broken plurals in similar forms; but you still just have to memorise them. That said, this table shows the rule that broken plurals behave like the singular form in how they work for رفع, نصب and جرّ.
TODO-other more complex ones in Arabic Tutor Vol 1
Verbal nouns¶
TODO-verbal nouns
مبتدا خبر (Mubtada khabar)¶
In موصوف/صفة (Mawsoof-siffah), one of the examples was اَلْرَجُلُ اَلْطَوِيْلُ ("the tall man"). موصوف/صفة like this can be turned into a complete sentence by changing this to اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلٌ, which means "the man is tall" (it's just the second word that's been changed to nakirah).
Note
There is no word for "is" in Arabic. But when translating into English, sometimes we need to add "is".
Here's another example: قَمْرٌ عَظِيْمٌ ("a mighty castle"). We can turn this into اَلْقَمْرُ عَظِيْمٌ ("the castle is mighty").
A couple of points:
- In the example اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلٌ, the word اَلْرَجُلُ is called the مٌبْتَدَا (mubtada), or the subject.
- In the example اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلٌ, the word طَوِيْلٌ is called the خَبَر (khabar), or the predicate.
- The mubtada and khabar only correspond (i.e. match) in gender and number
- The mubtada is marifah
- The khabar is nakirah ~90% of the time
- TODO-when isn't it?
- The mutada and khabar are generally in the state of rafa
- Mubtada khabar is a jumla ismiyyah, or a sentence that starts with an اسم.
اِنَّ وَاَخَوَاتِهَا¶
The following words can be prepended to a mubtada khabar:
- اِنَّ - "indeed"
- اَنَّ - "that"
- لٰكِنَّ - "however/but"
- لَيْتَ - "if only/I wish"
- كَأَنَّ - "as if"
- لّعَّلَ - "perhaps"
Note
These words are known as اِنَّ وَاَخَوَاتِهَا ("اِنَّ and it's sisters") or الحُرٌوْفُ المٌشَّبَهَةُ بِالفِعْلِ ("particles that are given resemblance to a verb")
When these words are prepended to a mubtada khabar, the mubtada gets a fatha at the end (i.e. the mubtada becomes nasab).
For example, we could change اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلٌ to اِنَّ اَلْرَجُلَ طَوِيْلٌ ("indeed the man is tall")
Note
In this example, if we wanted to add even more emphasis, we could say اِنَّ اَلْرَجُلَ لَطَوِيْلٌ (where a ل has been added) "most certainly the man is tall".
كَانَ وَاَخَوَاتِهَا¶
The following words can also be prepended to a mubtada khabar:
TODO
- كَانَ - "was"
- صَارَ - "became"
- اَصْبَحَ - "happen in the morning / became"
- اَمْسٰى - "happen in the evening / became"
- اَضْحٰى - "happen at midmorning / became"
- ظَلَّ - "happen during the day / became"
- بَاتَ - "happen during the night / became"
- مَا دَامَ - "as long as"
- مَا زَالَ - "always/continuously"
- مَا بَرِحَ - "always/continuously"
- مَا فَتِئَ - "always/continuously"
- مَا اَنْفَكَّ - "always/continuously"
- لَيْسَ - "no/not"
Note
These words are known as كَانَ وَاَخَوَاتِهَا ("كَانَ and it's sisters") or اَلفعال الناقصة ("incomplete verbs")
When these words are prepended to a mubtada khabar, the khabar becomes nasab.
For example, we could change اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلٌ to كَانَ اَلْرَجُلُ طَوِيْلً ("the man was tall")
TODO - كان الرجل طويل (I think)
TODO - and other rules/things (like switching of order)
اَمْر¶
امر ("amr") is a third kind of فعل used for commands i.e. when you tell someone to do something. e.g. اِضْرِبْ "Hit!" .
For ثلاثي مجرَّد (i.e. normal 3-letter verbs), you can work out the امر from the present/future tense version of the verb.
For example, to work out the امر for نَصَرَ, we look at the present/future tense, يَنْصُرُ . Then we do the following:
- Remove the alamaatul mudaari i.e. remove the letters that identify the verb as being mudaari. So in this case, we'd now have نْصُرُ .
- Add an ا at the beginning. So we'd now have انْصُرُ .
- If the ع kalima of the فعل has a dhamma, then put a dhamma on the ا . Otherwise, put a kasra on the ا . So in this case, we'd now have اُنْصُرُ .
- Finally, put a saakin on the last letter. So we now get اُنْصُرْ .
As another example, the amr for فَعَلَ would be اِفْعَلْ .
The main tricky part to remember initially is what i'raab to put on the ا . The way I remember this is with these animations (click on the image to play/pause the animation):
Conjugations¶
Here's the conjugations for امر, along with a suggested order to memorise them.
Arabic | English | Order of memorisation |
---|---|---|
لِيَفْعَلْ | He (1M) should do | 7 |
لِيَفْعَلَا | They (2M) should do | 8 |
لِيَفْعَلُوْ | They (3+M) should do | 9 |
لِتَفْعَلْ | She (1F) should do | 10 |
لِتَفْعَلَا | They (2F) should do | 11 |
لِيَفْعَلْنَ | They (3+F) should do | 12 |
اِفْعَلْ | You (1M) do! | 1 |
اِفْعَلَا | You (2M) do! | 2 |
اِفْعَاُوْ | You (3+M) do! | 3 |
اِفْعَلِيْ | You (1F) do! | 4 |
اِفْعَلَا | You (2F) do! | 5 |
اِفْعَلْنَ | You (3+F) do! | 6 |
لِاَفْعَلْ | I should do | 13 |
لِنَفْعَلْ | We should do | 14 |
Note
Most of these aren't used frequently, such as many of the ones that are "x should do".
Pointing Nouns (اَسْماءُ الإِشَارَةِ)¶
There's 2 types of pointing nouns (aka indicative pronouns e.g. "this", "that" etc): for things nearby and things farther away:
number/tense | singular | dual | plural |
---|---|---|---|
رفع | هٰذَا | هٰذَانِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
نصب | هٰذَا | هٰذَيْنِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
جرّ | هٰذَا | هٰذَيْنِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
number/tense | singular | dual | plural |
---|---|---|---|
رفع | هٰذِهِ | هٰتَانِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
نصب | هٰذِهِ | هٰتَيْنِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
جرّ | هٰذِهِ | هٰتَيْنِ | هٰؤُلَاءِ |
number/tense | singular | dual | plural |
---|---|---|---|
رفع | ذَاكَ أَو ذٰلِكَ | ذَانِكَ | أُلَائِك |
نصب | ذَاكَ أَو ذٰلِكَ | ذَيْنِكَ | أُلَائِك |
جرّ | ذَاكَ أَو ذٰلِكَ | ذَيْنِكَ | أُلَائِك |
number/tense | singular | dual | plural |
---|---|---|---|
رفع | تَاكَ أَو تِلْكَ | تَانِكَ | أُلَائِك |
نصب | تَاكَ أَو تِلْكَ | تَيْنِكَ | أُلَائِك |
جرّ | تَاكَ أَو تِلْكَ | تَيْنِكَ | أُلَائِك |
Aside
ذَاكَ is found in classical texts, not modern texts.
Also, originally the indicative pronouns (in the first table) were ذَا, ذَانِ etc (i.e. without the هّا). But you don't see this nowadays either.
Note
In the Quran, you'll sometimes see words like ذٰلِكُمَا, ذٰلِكُمْ etc. This is fine, it doesn't affect the meaning. And the pronoun at the end is based on the following word e.g. ذٰلِكُمَا رَبُّكُمَا - "that is the Lord of you two".
اسم الإِشَارة / مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ¶
You can make part of a sentence like e.g. "this book" or "this book of mine". There's 2 parts that make these up:
- اسم الإِشَارة - this is the noun of pointing e.g. "this", "that"
- مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ - this is the object being pointed to
You say "this book" by saying هٰذَا الْكِتَابُ (the 2 words must be in that order):
Type of part of compound | مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ | اسم الإِشَارة |
---|---|---|
الْكِتَاب | هٰذَا |
You say "this book of mine" by saying كِتَابُكُمْ هٰذَا:
Type of part of compound | اسم الإِشَارة | مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ |
---|---|---|
هٰذَا | كِتَابُكُمْ |
Note
Here, the اسم الإِشَارة must come after, not before the مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ . The moodhaaf/moodhaaf-ilay compound has such a strong link that the اسم الإِشَارة has to come after.
Impact of a harf-jarr¶
When a word that's a harf-jarr comes before a اسم الإِشَارة / مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ compound, then both the اسم الإِشَارة and the مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ go into the state of جرّ . An example (from Arabic Tutor) is تَلْكَ اَلْبُيًوْتً لِذَيْنِكَ اَلْرَّجُلَيْنِ - "those houses are for those 2 men", where "for those 2 men" is an example of this rule.
Making sentences¶
You can make sentences with pointing nouns like e.g. "This is a book" or "This is the book" or "This is the book of Zayd". These are all mubtada-khabar.
You say "This is a book" by saying هٰذَا كِتَابٌ :
Type of part of sentence | خبر | مبتدا |
---|---|---|
كِتَابٌ | هٰذَا |
You say "This is the book" by saying هٰذَا هُوَ اَلْكِتَابُ :
Type of part of sentence | خبر | مبتدا |
---|---|---|
هُوَ اَلْكِتَابُ | هٰذَا |
Aside
In these sentences, the مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ is essentially implied (aka مُقَدَّرٌ). You could say these 2 sentences with explicit مُشَارٌ إِاَيْهِ by saying "هٰذَا الشَّيْئُ كِتَابٌ" and "هٰذَا الشَّيْئُ هُوَ الكِتَابٌ". But you wouldn't normally talk like that.
You say "This is the book of Zayd" by saying هٰذَا كِتَبُ زَيْدٍ :
Type of part of sentence | خبر | مبتدا |
---|---|---|
كِتَابُ زَيْدٍ | هٰذَا |
You can add emphasis to this sentence by adding a pronoun. e.g. to say "This is the book of Zayd", you'd say هٰذَا هُوَ كِتَبُ زَيْدٍ .
Some more words to learn¶
Also, here's some more words to remember the meaning of (they just get used in sentences with no particular rules on their usage):
- كَذَالِك - "similarly"
- هٰكَذَا - "in this way"
- هٰهُنَا - "here"
- هُنَا - "here"
- هُنَاكَ - "there"
TODO-add section for huroof jazimat
Appendix¶
Conjugations¶
thulaathee mujarrad¶
Here we have an example conjugation of a فعل for each of the 6 باب.
Table: نَصَرَ - he helped. It’s بَاب is نَصَرَ/يَنْصُرُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | نَصَرَ | نَصَرَا | نَصَرُو | نَصَرَتْ | نَصَرَتَا | نَصَرْنَ | نَصَرْتَ | نَصَرْتُمَا | نَصَرْتُمْ | نَصَرْتِ | نَصَرْتُمَا | نَصَرْتُنَّ | نَصَرْتُ | نَصَرْنَا |
Present/future | يَنْصُرُ | يَنْصُرَانِ | يَنْصُرُوْنَ | تَنْصُرُ | تَنْصُرَانِ | يَنْصُرْنَ | تَنْصُرُ | تَنْصُرَانِ | تَنْصُرُوْنَ | تَنْصُرِيْنَ | تَنْصُرَانِ | تَنْصُرْنَ | اَنْصُرُ | نَنْصُرُ |
Table: سَرَقَ - he stole. It’s بَاب is ضَرَبَ/يَضْرِبُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | سَرَقَ | سَرَقَا | سَرَقُوْ | سَرَقَتْ | سَرَقَتَا | سَرَقْنَ | سَرَقْتَ | سَرَقْتُمَا | سَرَقْتُمْ | سَرَقْتِ | سَرَقْتُمَا | سَرَقْتُنَّ | سَرَقْتُ | سَرَقْنَا |
Present/future | يَسْرِقُ | يَسْرِقَانِ | يَسْرِقُوْنَ | تَسْرِقُ | تَسْرِقَانِ | يَسْرِقْنَ | تَسْرِقُ | تَسْرِقَانِ | تَسْرِقُوْنَ | تَسْرِقِيْنَ | تَسْرِقَانِ | تَسْرِقْنَ | اَسْرِقُ | نَسْرِقُ |
Table: فَعَلَ - he did. It's بَاب is فَتَحَ/يَفْتَحُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | فَعَلَ | فَعَلَا | فَعَلُوْ | فَعَلَتْ | فَعَلَتَا | فَعَلْنَ | فَعَلْتَ | فَعَلْتُمَا | فَعَلْتُمْ | فَعَلْتِ | فَعَلْتُمَا | فَعَلْتُنَّ | فَعَلْتُ | فَعَلْنَا |
Present/future | يَفْعَلُ | يَفْعَلَانِ | يَفْعَلُوْنَ | تَفْعَلُ | تَفْعَلَانِ | يَفْعَلْنَ | تَفْعَلُ | تَفْعَلَانِ | تَفْعَلُوْنَ | تَفْعَلِيْنَ | تَفْعَلَانِ | تَفْعَلْنَ | اَفْعَلُ | نَفْعَلُ |
Table: حَمِدَ - he praised. It’s بَاب is سَمِعَ/يَسْمَعُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | حَمِدَ | حَمِدَا | حَمِدُوْ | حَمِدَتْ | حَمِدَتَا | حَمِدْنَ | حَمِدْتَ | حَمِدْتُمَا | حَمِدْتُمْ | حَمِدْتِ | حَمِدْتُمَا | حَمِدْتُنَّ | حَمِدْتُ | حَمِدْنَا |
Present/future | يَحْمَدُ | يَحْمَدَانِ | يَحْمَدُوْنَ | تَحْمَدُ | تَحْمَدَانِ | يَحْمَدْنَ | تَحْمَدُ | تَحْمَدَانِ | تَحْمَدُوْنَ | تَحْمَدِيْنَ | تَحْمَدَانِ | تَحْمَدْنَ | اَحْمَدُ | نَحْمَدُ |
Table: كَرُمَ - he was noble/generous. It’s بَاب is كَرُمَ/يَكْرُمُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | كَرُمَ | كَرُمَا | كَرُمُوْ | كَرُمَتْ | كَرُمَتَا | كَرُمْنَ | كَرُمْتَ | كَرُمْتُمَا | كَرُمْتُمْ | كَرُمْتِ | كَرُمْتُمَا | كَرُمْتُْنَّ | كَرُمْتُ | كَرُمْنَا |
Present/future | يَكْرُمُ | يَكْرُمَانِ | يَكْرُمُوْنَ | تَكْرُمُ | تَكْرُمَانِ | يَكْرُمْنَ | تَكْرُمُ | تَكْرُمَانِ | تَكْرُمُوْنَ | تَكْرُمِيْنَ | تَكْرُمَانِ | تَكْرُمْنَ | اَكْرُمُ | نَكْرُمُ |
Table: حَسِبَ - he regarded/assumed/thought. It’s بَاب is حَسِبَ/يَحْسِبُ.
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | حَسِبَ | حَسِبَا | حَسِبُوْ | حَسِبَتْ | حَسِبَتَا | حَسِبْنَ | حَسِبْتَ | حَسِبْتُمَا | حَسِبْتُمْ | حَسِبْتِ | حَسِبْتُمَا | حَسِبْتُنَّ | حَسِبْتُ | حَسِبْنَا |
Present/future | يَحْسِبُ | يَحْسِبَانِ | يَحْسِبُوْنَ | تَحْسِبُ | تَحْسِبَانِ | يَحْسِبْنَ | تَحْسِبُ | تَحْسِبَانِ | تَحْسِبُوْنَ | تَحْسِبِيْنَ | تَحْسِبَانِ | تَحْسِبْنَ | اَحْسِبُ | نَحْسِبُ |
فعل with ا, و or ي¶
Here we have example conjugations of a فعل for different kinds of فعل with ا, و or ي in them.
Ajwaf¶
Table: Fe'l Ajwaf wawi on baab nasara/yansuru - to speak/say
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | قَالَ | قَالَا | قَالُوا | قَالَتْ | قَالَتَا | قُلْنَ | قُلْتَ | قُلْتُمَا | قُلْتُمْ | قُلْتِ | قُلْتُمَا | قُلْتُنَّ | قُلْتُ | قُلْنَا |
Present/future | يَقُولُ | يَقُولَانِ | يَقُولُونَ | تَقُولُ | تَقُولَانِ | يَقُلْنَ | تَقُولُ | تَقُولَانِ | تَقُولُونَ | تَقُولِينَ | تَقُولَانِ | تَقُلْنَ | أَقُولُ | نَقُولُ |
Table: Fe'l Ajwaf wawi on baab samia/yasmaoo - to be frightened/scared
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | خَافَ | خَافَا | خَافُوا | خَافَتْ | خَافَتَا | خِفْنَ | خِفْتَ | خِفْتُمَا | خِفْتُمْ | خِفْتِ | خِفْتُمَا | خِفْتُنَّ | خِفْتُ | خِفْنَا |
Present/future | يَخَافُ | يَخَافَانِ | يَخَافُونَ | تَخَافُ | تَخَافَانِ | يَخَفْنَ | تَخَافُ | تَخَافَانِ | تَخَافُونَ | تَخَافِينَ | تَخَافَانِ | تَخَفْنَ | أَخَافُ | نَخَافُ |
Table: Fe'l Ajwaf yayi on baab daraba/yadribu - to be good/pleasant/agreeable
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | طَابَ | طَابَا | طَابُوْ | طَابَتْ | طَابَتَا | طِبْنَ | طِبْتَ | طِبْتُمَا | طِبْتُمْ | طِبْتِ | طِبْتُمَا | طِبْتُنَّ | طِبْتُ | طِبْنَا |
Present/future | يَطِيْبُ | يَطِيْبَانِ | يَطِيْبُوْنَ | تَطِيْبُ | تَطِيْبَانِ | يَطِبْنَ | تَطِيْبُ | تَطِيْبَانِ | تَطِيْبُوْنَ | تَطِيْبِيْنَ | تَطِيْبَانِ | تَطِبْنَ | اَطِيْبُ | نَطِيْبُ |
Table: Fe'l Ajwaf yayi on baab daraba/yadribu - to sell
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | بَاعَ | بَاعَا | بَاعُوا | بَاعَتْ | بَاعَتَا | بِعْنَ | بِعْتَ | بِعْتُمَا | بِعْتُمْ | بِعْتِ | بِعْتُمَا | بِعْتُنَّ | بِعْتُ | بِعْنَا |
Present/future | يَبِيعُ | يَبِيعَانِ | يَبِيعُونَ | تَبِيعُ | تَبِيعَانِ | يَبِعْنَ | تَبِيعُ | تَبِيعَانِ | تَبِيعُونَ | تَبِيعِينَ | تَبِيعَانِ | تَبِعْنَ | أَبِيعُ | نَبِيعُ |
Table: Fe'l Ajwaf yayi on baab samia/yasmaoo - to receive
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | نَالَ | نَالَا | نَالُوا | نَالَتْ | نَالَتَا | نِلْنَ | نِلْتَ | نِلْتُمَا | نِلْتُمْ | نِلْتِ | نِلْتُمَا | نِلْتُنَّ | نِلْتُ | نِلْنَا |
Present/future | يَنَالُ | يَنَالَانِ | يَنَالُونَ | تَنَالُ | تَنَالَانِ | يَنَلْنَ | تَنَالُ | تَنَالَانِ | تَنَالُونَ | تَنَالِينَ | تَنَالَانِ | تَنَلْنَ | أَنَالُ | نَنَالُ |
Naaqis¶
TODO-فَعَلَ where ل is و or ي TODO-there's a few for these Last one we haven't done one yet
Form X¶
Table: Fe'l in form X - root letters يَقِظَ - form X is "to wake up"
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | اِسْتَيْقَظَ | اِسْتَيْقَظَا | اِسْتَيْقَظُو | اِسْتَيْقَظَتْ | اِسْتَيْقَظَتَا | اِسْتَيْقَظْنَ | اِسْتَيْقَظْتَ | اِسْتَيْقَظْتُمَا | اِسْتَيْقَظْتُمْ | اِسْتَيْقَظْتِ | اِسْتَيْقَظْتُمَا | اِسْتَيْقَظْتُنَّ | اِسْتَيْقَظْتُ | اِسْتَيْقَظْنَا |
Present/future | يَسْتَيْقِظُ | يَسْتَيْقِظَانِ | يَسْتَيْقِظُونَ | تَسْتَيْقِظُ | تَسْتَيْقِظَانِ | يَسْتَيْقِظْنَ | تَسْتَيْقِظُ | تَسْتَيْقِظَانِ | تَسْتَيْقِظُوْنَ | تَسْتَيْقِظِيْنَ | تَسْتَيْقِظَانِ | تَسْتَيْقِظْنَ | اَسْتَيْقِظُ | نَسْتَيْقِظُ |
Table: .Fe'l in form X - root letters عدد - form X is "to get ready"
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | اِسْتَعَدَّ | اِسْتَعَدَّا | اِسْتَعَدُّوا | اِسْتَعَدَّتْ | اِسْتَعَدَّتَا | اِسْتَعْدَدْنَ | اِسْتَعْدَدْتَ | اِسْتَعْدَدْتُمَا | اِسْتَعْدَدْتُمْ | اِسْتَعْدَدْتِ | اِسْتَعْدَدْتُمَا | اِسْتَعْدَدْتُنَّ | اِسْتَعْدَدْتُ | اِسْتَعْدَدْنَا |
Present/future | يَسْتَعِدُّ | يَسْتَعِدَّانِ | يَسْتَعِدُّونَ | تَسْتَعِدُّ | تَسْتَعِدَّانِ | يَسْتَعْدِدْنَ | تَسْتَعِدُّ | تَسْتَعِدَّانِ | تَسْتَعِدُّونَ | تَسْتَعِدِّينَ | تَسْتَعِدَّانِ | تَسْتَعْدِدْنَ | أَسْتَعِدُّ | نَسْتَعِدُّ |
Form II¶
فَعَّلَ يُفَعِّلُ
Table: Fe'l in form II - root letters ضَرَّبَ - form II is "to beat violently/repeatedly"
Tense | NP 1M | NP 2M | NP 3+M | NP 1F | NP 2F | NP 3+F | P 1M | P 2M | P 3+M | P1F | P 2F | P 3+F | Me | We |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | ضَرَّبَ | ضَرَّبَا | ضَرَّبُوْا | ضَرَّبَتْ | ضَرَّبَتَا | ضَرَّبْنَ | ضَرَّبْتَ | ضَرَّبْتُمَا | ضَرَّبْتُمْ | ضَرَّبْتِ | ضَرَّبْتُمَا | ضَرَّبْتُنَّ | ضَرَّبْتُ | ضَرَّبْنَا |
Present/future | يُضَرِّبُ | يُضَرِّبَانِ | يُضَرِّبُوْنَ | تُضَرِّبُ | تُضَرِّبَانِ | يُضَرِّبْنَ | تُضَرِّبُ | تُضَرِّبَانِ | تُضَرِّبُوْنَ | تُضَرِّبِيْنَ | تُضَرِّبَانِ | تُضَرِّبْنَ | اُضَرِّبُ | نُضَرِّبُ |
- The اسم فاعل is: مُضَرِّبٌ
- The اسم مفعول is: مُضَرَّبٌ
TODO-other baabs, create sections for them and add example conjugations for them
Links¶
Here's a collection of links from around the web that you might find useful.
WARNING: The quality of online resources can vary substantially. As can the reliability. So check things accordingly, and don't just blindly trust a resource without good reason.
- Hans Wehr English-Arabic dictionary - a very useful dictionary
- When online, I suggest using ejtaal's Arabic Almanac which allows you to search the Hans Wehr dictionary quite easily.
- Besides the Arabic Almanac, there's some other nice resources on ejtaal
- Al-Qira’atur-rashidah
- Al-Arabiyyatu-bayna-yadayk - as mentioned earlier, this book is for building up your speaking.
- Treasures of Arabic Morphology - this is a useful resource for learning basic Arabic
- Quran Corpus - has some very useful parts, e.g. for showing how grammar rules apply to some verses of the Quran
- Arabic Tutor part 1
- Tasheel Al-Nahw
- There's various websites that have Arabic conjugations on them. e.g here or here or here. And even just searching for words on Wiktionary can show conjugations.
- Understand Arabic in 12 coloured tables - at first glance, this seems like it may be an interesting resource. It's got a different way of thinking about things.
- https://arabic.fi/lessons/ - I'm not sure how useful this site is. And as of when I've visited the site, there's not many lessons on it. But it looks nice and simple.
- http://www.zaufishan.co.uk/search/label/Arabic-Grammar - not many lessons. But the handwriting is nice.
Credits¶
Some things used to make this website:
- Material for MkDocs and therefore also MkDocs
- mkdocs-caption
- mkdocs-autorefs
- Python
- uv